Subbase of Roads Construction in Civil Engineering

Introduction

Subbase construction is critical components of road construction, providing support and stability to the base course & pavement layers. This layer helps distribute the load of traffic and prevent premature failure of the road surface.

The subbase is the layer of material placed on the compacted subgrade and beneath the base course. It provides additional support and helps in drainage. Common materials used for subbase include crushed stone, gravel, or recycled concrete. The subbase layer is typically thicker than the base layer.

Construction Process of Sub base

a. Preparation of Subgrade surface

Before dumping and placing subbase material surface of subgrade should be prepared, and any unsuitable material should removed.

b. Placement of subbase material

Spread the sub-base material evenly over the prepared sub-grade using equipment like bulldozers, graders, or excavators. The layer thickness should conform to design specifications. Granular Sub Base includes all naturally occurring materials, meeting the requirements mentioned in below Table:

Other Properties of Granular Sub-Base

• CBR Value (tested as per AASHTO T-193): 30% (Min)
• Plasticity Index (P.I): 6 (Max)
• Liquid Limit (L.L): 25 (Max)
• Abrasion Value: 50% (Max)
• Sand Equivalent (S.Eq): 25 (Min)

Soil aggregates subbase available in nature consisting of pebbles, shingle and sand may be used. It may be a mixture of natural and crushed stone. The pebble size should not exceed 60 mm (2½”).

c. Compaction of subbase material

Initial Rolling

Begin compaction immediately after spreading the material. Use heavy rollers (either pneumatic-tired rollers or vibratory rollers) to achieve initial compaction. This process helps in settling the material and removing air voids.

Moisture Control

Control the moisture content of the sub-base material. It should be moist enough to facilitate compaction but not too wet, which can cause instability. Moisture content is typically controlled to a specified range based on material type and conditions.

Layer-by-Layer Compaction

Depending on the thickness of the sub-base layer, it may be compacted in several layers. Each layer is typically compacted to a specified density using the compaction equipment.

Overlap

Ensure that each pass of the compactor overlaps the previous pass by at least half the width of the roller to achieve uniform compaction.

Number of Passes

The number of passes required for compaction depends on factors such as material type, thickness, and moisture content. Generally, minimum 6 passes are required to achieve the desired density.

d. Testing

Compaction tests are performed on each 15cm layer to ensure that the subbase layers meet the required specifications. Min Compaction (Field Density) 98% of MDD determined as per ASTM -D 1557

Important Points regarding Subbase of Roads Construction

• Use hard, suitable and approved materials
• Lay to full depth, hand pack on edge, fill interstices with spalls of sub-base material.
• Lay to gradients, camber and super-elevation required and dry roll to a solid even finish, with 8 - 12 Ton power roller. The actual weight of the roller may be changed at the discretion of the Engineer-in-Charge, according to the nature of soil and the (bottoming) sub base materials used.
• Make good with spalls of bottoming materials any voids, which may appear during the process of compaction and rolling, so as to leave the finished surface solid and conforming to the required slopes, levels, etc.
• The thickness refers to the thickness after compaction.
• If bricks are allowed to be used, they shall be over burnt, whole bricks close laid flat, or on edge. Spread sand to fill voids and interstices @ 0.15 Cum per 10 Sqm.